Category Archives: New Testament

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Paul and the Law

Scholars articulate a range of views concerning Paul’s approach to the law. A basic summary of my own current perspective (which surfaces at points in my small 2009 Romans commentary) might be as follows:

  • Paul respects the law as God’s Word; this includes both the narrative and the legal material.
  • Paul believes that the law was meant to teach right behavior (much of which is universal, though Paul does not usually spell out the hermeneutic that guides how he distinguishes those elements).
  • Paul does not believe that the law was meant to transform the heart directly; rather it is meant to point/testify to the experience with the law’s God that transforms the heart.
  • The law’s specific stipulations guided Israel in their setting (e.g., agrarian, in the promised land, etc.), but just as those stipulations required new forms of obedience for their day, so the fuller revelation in Christ takes on new forms.
  • This fuller revelation in Christ, which Paul has undeniably experienced, has inaugurated (albeit not consummated) the promised messianic reign in a largely unexpected way (most dramatically, in a cruciform way), with equally unexpected consequences.
  • This fuller revelation in Christ makes available (as a foretaste of the coming world) the life-transforming experience with God through the Spirit that fulfills all the principles of the law (thus, for example, the new covenant’s greater circumcision of the heart to which earlier physical circumcision merely pointed; or Jesus’s summary of the law’s heart as love).
  • The law’s universal moral and spiritual principles, which God communicated to Israel in a specific context, can be recontextualized by the Spirit for all people of the new covenant, including ethnic Gentiles grafted into Israel’s heritage through following Jesus, Israel’s Messiah (here it must be acknowledged that we often lack consensus on what the universals are; I have offered elsewhere suggestions for discerning those; see e.g., http://www.craigkeener.org/how-i-love-your-law-ot-laws-in-context/; http://www.craigkeener.org/understanding-and-applying-ot-laws-today/; http://www.craigkeener.org/which-day-is-the-sabbath/).
  • The law testifies to the way of a personal relationship with God, as evidenced in the lives of Abraham, Moses, and others; its heart is more about God and his covenant love (e.g., Exod 34:4-7) than about its stipulations (though those stipulations remained crucial as part of God’s covenant with Israel at Sinai).
  • As part of Israel’s heritage and a continuing witness to the universal truth the Scriptures convey, even many of the law’s traditional stipulations remain valuable to those who remain Jewish by ethnic identity (e.g., Messianic Jews, such as Paul himself was, are fully within their rights to continue to express their Jewish heritage in this way).
  • Paul believes that to approach the law as a list of duties (even ones joyfully undertaken) rather than a witness to the way of faith in (and thus personal relationship with) God (Rom 3:27; 9:31-32), or apart from the enabling experience of the Spirit (8:2), cannot transform the identity (more controversially, I am inclined to add, “and never could”; I believe that Paul saw Deut 30 and other parts of the law testifying to divine rather than human transformation of those who walk with God, with the new covenant developing this transformative empowerment more deeply in light of Jer 31:31-34 and Ezek 36:25-27).
  • Treating the law’s stipulations as a means of demonstrating righteousness instead of depending on the divine favor and empowerment to which the law pointed in fact defies dependence on God’s favor and hence incurs condemnation. In this way, the law can even function as an instrument of divine judgment to those who miss God’s heart there.

Now, if you can figure out what such a set of views should be called, you are smarter than I. There are so many different permutations on various details on the scale between Luther and various New Perspective(s), with Reformed articulations often friendlier to continuing value for the law than some other views (especially Bultmann’s), that I find traditional ways of classifying views inadequate (even if they are necessary to provide some sort of handle on the spectrum).

I am noting this hastily constructed list because I am turning more of my attention back to Pauline studies now, and if I am wrong on some of these points, it will be helpful for me to learn that now before I publish more work on this subject! Nevertheless I remain certain that, given the range of perspectives now current on various details, there is almost no way to summarize a view without missing some nuancing valuable for this or that point of debate. For that I can only apologize in advance and hope to keep learning.

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All about the African empire that the official in Acts 8:27 was from

Official from the African kingdom of Meroë–Acts 8:27. 6.5-minute lecture from Acts scholar Craig Keener. (Part of a larger segment.)

For 23 free lectures on Acts, see http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/DigitalCourses/00_DigitalBiblicalStudiesCourses.html#Acts_Keener. Craig’s Acts commentary treats the passage about this African official in vol. 2, pp. 1534-1596.

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Gospels not making things up–Luke 1:4

5-minute video on the Gospel writers not freely inventing events:

This is excerpted from a larger argument about the Gospels as valuable historical sources about Jesus, the first two parts of a series on Matthew’s Gospel available free at: http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/DigitalCourses/00_DigitalBiblicalStudiesCourses.html#Matthew_Keener

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Philip’s travels in Acts 8:40 and how Peter follows in Philip’s footsteps–1.5 minutes

Philip’s travels in Acts 8:40 and how Peter follows in Philip’s footsteps. 1.5 minutes from Acts scholar Craig Keener.

For 23 free lectures on Acts, see http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/DigitalCourses/00_DigitalBiblicalStudiesCourses.html#Acts_Keener. For more information on Philip as Peter’s forerunner, note the work of F. Scott Spencer.

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If exercise is so important, why doesn’t the Bible mention it more?

The motto of one very successful Bible college basketball team was, “For bodily exercise profiteth” (1 Tim 4:8), though the verse in that version went on to read, “For bodily exercise profiteth little: but godliness is profitable unto all things.” The NIV and NRSV both say here, probably more helpfully, “physical training is of some value,” but again qualify this in context as physical training being valuable for this life, but godliness being valuable for both this life and the life to come. Ancient speakers often used illustrations like this. They took for granted that physical training was useful but used that observation to emphasize that, if so, how much more important was it to train one’s mind or moral values.

Personally, I find I can be more efficient and function better on every level if I am physically active. So why doesn’t the Bible talk more about exercise?

Here I have learned from my wife’s life in Africa. When living in her home town, her family did not ordinarily have to exercise deliberately (though stretching might still be helpful at times). When you walk miles to and from the market, chop wood, draw water and so forth, you get exercise in the course of your daily life. Of course one could exercise anyway; one of her brothers, who worked out, was particularly strong. But a physically active life in some settings is normal; it is our more sedentary culture in the urban West that requires more deliberate exercise.

The same was probably true of most people in antiquity, except for the very wealthy. The vast majority of people had to till soil, chase livestock, or, like Paul and his companions, walk long distances. Even within a town such as Corinth, most people had to walk from one place to another, say from their upper-story apartment to a nice-sized house church in the Kranion, Corinth’s wealthy suburb.

People with an active physical lifestyle may not need to be exhorted to exercise. It was understood that most people procured food “by the sweat of your brow” (Gen 3:19). In the less physically active settings in which many of us live and work, however, exercise is a very good idea.